Class 11 Biology questions with answers

285 NCERT Class 11 Biology questions with answers, chapter by chapter, from Diversity in the Living World to Chemical Coordination and Integration.

How to teach Class 11 Biology · Class 11 Biology common misconceptions

• Chapter 1: Diversity in the Living World

  15 questions, 1 with pictures · Diversity, taxonomy, and systematics · Meanings of ranks and organism examples · Identification and binomial nomenclature · Logic and direction of the taxonomic hierarchy

• Chapter 2: Biological Classification

  15 questions · Changing classification systems and five-kingdom criteria · Protist groups and their adaptations · Monera: diversity, nutrition, and reproduction · Fungal structure, reproduction, and classes · Plantae, Animalia, and alternation of generations · Viruses, viroids, prions, and lichens

• Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

  15 questions · Changing systems of plant classification · Bryophyte structure and gametophyte-dominant life cycle · Pteridophytes, vascular tissues, and heterospory · Seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms · Comparative life-cycle reasoning across plant groups · Algal diversity, reproduction, and classes

• Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

  15 questions · Chordate features, subphyla, and vertebrate divisions · Fundamental bases of animal classification · Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora · Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms · Arthropod and mollusc body plans · Echinoderm and hemichordate diagnostics · Tetrapod classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia · Cyclostomes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes

• Chapter 5: Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

  15 questions, 15 with pictures · Regions of the root tip · Root systems and their functions · Leaf structure and venation · Simple, pinnate and palmate leaves · Flower organisation, sexuality and symmetry · Patterns of phyllotaxy · Racemose and cymose inflorescences · Calyx, corolla and aestivation · Ovary position and insertion of floral parts · Types of placentation · Fruit development and pericarp structure · Structure of a dicotyledonous seed · Structure of a monocotyledonous seed · Diagnostic description of Solanaceae · Semi-technical description, floral formula and diagram

• Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

  15 questions, 9 with pictures · Tissue systems and epidermal specialisations · Vascular bundle arrangement and cambium · Dicot and monocot root anatomy · Dicot and monocot stem anatomy · Dorsiventral and isobilateral leaf anatomy

• Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals

  15 questions, 7 with pictures · Animal organisation from tissues to organ systems · Frog adaptations and external morphology · Frog reproduction, development and ecological role · Frog digestive system and nutrition · Frog respiration and circulation · Frog neural, endocrine and sensory coordination · Frog excretion and cloacal pathways

• Chapter 8: Cell: Structure and Functions

  15 questions, 13 with pictures · Cell as the unit of life, cell theory and cellular diversity · Prokaryotic cell organisation, envelope and surface structures · Eukaryotic cell plan, plasma membrane and cell wall · Endomembrane system: ER, Golgi, lysosomes and vacuoles · Mitochondria, plastids and chloroplast architecture · Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles · Nucleus, chromatin and chromosome form

• Chapter 9: Biomolecules

  15 questions, 10 with pictures · Chemical analysis of living tissue and its composition · Protein composition, functions and structural hierarchy · Small biomolecules: amino acids, sugars and lipids · Metabolite categories and biomolecular size fractions · Polysaccharide architecture and biological roles · Nucleotide components and nucleic acids · Enzyme catalysis, reaction energy and action cycle · Enzyme activity, reaction classes and cofactors

• Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

  15 questions, 8 with pictures · Cell-cycle phases, timing and the G0 state · DNA content and chromosome-number accounting · Mitotic chromosome and spindle dynamics · Prophase I pairing and recombination · Cytokinesis and the significance of mitosis · Meiosis I and II segregation and outcomes · Mitosis–meiosis comparison and biological significance

• Chapter 11: Plant Physiology

  15 questions, 9 with pictures · Chloroplast compartmentation and light–carbon reaction dependency · Thylakoid chemiosmosis and ATP synthase · Experimental evidence and the overall photosynthetic process · Photosynthetic pigments, spectra and photosystem organisation · Electron flow, water splitting and photophosphorylation · Calvin-cycle fixation, stages and energy budget · C4 spatial pathway and suppression of photorespiration · Limiting factors and photosynthetic response curves

• Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

  15 questions, 4 with pictures · Glycolysis sequence, carbon flow and energy accounting · Respiration foundations, plant gas exchange and step-wise energy capture · Pyruvate fates, fermentation and aerobic contrast · Pyruvate oxidation and TCA-cycle regeneration · Mitochondrial ETS, oxygen and oxidative phosphorylation · Respiratory balance-sheet assumptions and ATP accounting · Amphibolic respiration and alternative substrate entry · Respiratory quotient calculation and substrate inference

• Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development

  15 questions, 8 with pictures · Growth definition, measurement and indeterminate meristems · Growth phases, root zones and environmental conditions · Arithmetic, geometric and sigmoid growth patterns · Absolute and relative growth rates and growth equations · Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation · Development, plasticity and intrinsic–extrinsic control · PGR identity, functional groups and discovery evidence · PGR physiological effects, applications and interactions

• Chapter 14: Human Physiology

  15 questions, 8 with pictures · Respiratory-organ diversity and the steps of respiration · Human airway, conducting and exchange parts, and pleura · Inspiration and expiration: thoracic volume and pressure mechanics · Respiratory volumes, pulmonary capacities and spirometry · Partial-pressure gradients, gas diffusion and the alveolar membrane · Oxygen transport, haemoglobin loading and dissociation curve · Carbon-dioxide transport and reversible bicarbonate formation · Neural regulation of respiration and respiratory disorders

• Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

  15 questions, 9 with pictures · Blood, plasma and the functions of formed elements · ABO and Rh grouping, transfusion compatibility and Rh incompatibility · Blood coagulation, tissue fluid and lymph · Double circulation, vessel structure and special vascular pathways · Open and closed circulation and vertebrate heart patterns · Human heart structure, valves and nodal conduction · Cardiac cycle, output, heart sounds and ECG · Cardiac regulation and major circulatory disorders

• Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination

  15 questions, 6 with pictures · Human urinary system, kidney organisation and nephron structure · Micturition, urine characteristics and accessory excretory organs · Urine formation by filtration, reabsorption and secretion · Segment-specific functions of the renal tubule · Counter-current mechanism and concentration of urine · Hormonal and feedback regulation of kidney function · Excretory disorders, haemodialysis and kidney transplantation · Nitrogenous wastes, excretory modes and animal excretory structures

• Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

  15 questions, 4 with pictures · Movement, locomotion and types of muscular tissue · Skeletal-muscle organisation and sarcomere bands · Sliding-filament contraction, relaxation and muscle-fibre energetics · Actin, myosin and regulatory contractile proteins · Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs · Appendicular skeleton, limb bones and girdles · Joint types, mobility and anatomical examples · Muscular and skeletal disorders

• Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

  15 questions · Neural coordination and organisation across animals · Human CNS, PNS and directional pathways · Neuron structure, types and myelination · Resting membrane polarisation and ion gradients · Action-potential generation and axon conduction · Electrical and chemical synaptic transmission · Forebrain structure and integrative functions · Midbrain, hindbrain and brainstem functions

• Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

  15 questions, 4 with pictures · Endocrine coordination, hormone definition, and gland locations · Hypothalamus–pituitary control and pituitary hormone functions · Pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus regulation · Pancreatic glucose homeostasis and diabetes mellitus · Hormones from heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tissues · Adrenal compartments, stress responses, and corticoid actions · Gonadal hormone sources and reproductive actions · Hormone receptor specificity and signal mechanisms