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Number Sequences · Visualising Number Sequences · Hexagonal Numbers · Adding up Odd Numbers · Adding up and Down · Relations among Number Sequences · Shape Sequences and their Relation to Number Sequences · Koch Snowflake

Point, Line Segment, Line and Ray · Angle · Comparing Angles · Special Types of Angles · Measuring Angles · Measuring Angles with a Protractor · Angle Bisector · Drawing Angles

Numbers can Tell us Things; Supercells · Patterns of Numbers on the Number Line · Playing with Digits; Pretty Palindromic Patterns · The Magic Number of Kaprekar · Mental Math; Playing with Number Patterns · An Unsolved Mystery — the Collatz Conjecture! · Simple Estimation · Number Games

Data and Data Collection · Tally Marks and Frequency · Pictographs · Drawing a Bar Graph · Artistic and Aesthetic Considerations

Common Multiples and Common Factors · Common Factors · Prime Numbers · Co-prime Numbers · First Common Multiple · Prime Factorisation · Divisibility Tests · Fun with Numbers

Perimeter · Perimeter of a Rectangle and a Square · Perimeter of a Triangle · Regular Polygons · Area · Estimating Area · Area of a Triangle

Fractional Units and Equal Shares; Fractional Units as Parts of a Whole · Measuring Using Fractional Units; Marking Fraction Lengths on the Number Line · Mixed Fractions · Equivalent Fractions; Expressing a Fraction in Lowest Terms · Comparing Fractions · Addition of Fractions with the Same Fractional Unit or Denominator · Subtraction of Fractions · A Pinch of History

Artwork · Squares and Rectangles · Perpendiculars · Constructing Squares and Rectangles · An Exploration in Rectangles; Exploring Diagonals of Rectangles and Squares · Points Equidistant from Two Given Points

Symmetry and Line of Symmetry · Reflection · Generating Shapes Having Lines of Symmetry · Rotational Symmetry

Integers · Adding Integers; Back to Zero! · Comparing numbers using floors · Subtracting Integers · Back to the Number Line · The Token Model · Credits and Debits · A Hollow Integer Grid

Science · Connected questions · Scientific method · Science in daily life · Curiosity and collaboration

Biodiversity · Grouping · Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, Climbers, and Creepers · Leaf Venation and Roots · Monocots and Dicots · Animal Movement and Body Parts · Habitats and Adaptations · Biodiversity Loss and Conservation

Food diversity · Changing culinary practices · Energy-giving foods, body-building foods and food tests · Protective nutrients and deficiency diseases · Roughage and water · Balanced diet · Millets as nutri-cereals · Food miles and respecting food

Magnets in Use and Different Shapes · Magnetic and Non-magnetic Materials · Poles of a Magnet · Finding Directions with a Magnet and Compass · Attraction and Repulsion · Identifying Magnets · Magnetic Effect Through Non-magnetic Materials · Care and Storage of Magnets

Units for Measuring Length · Centimetres to millimetres · Correct Measurement With Scales · Measuring Curved Lengths · Reference Point and Position · Motion and Rest · Linear, circular and oscillatory motion · Periodic motion

Objects Are Made of Materials · Classification and Choosing Materials · Lustre · Hardness and Softness · Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Materials · Soluble and Insoluble Materials · Mass, Volume, and Matter · Kilograms to grams

Temperature · Clinical thermometer · Temperature scales · Laboratory thermometer scale · Using a laboratory thermometer · Temperature during melting and boiling · Air temperature

Evaporation · Condensation · States of water · Melting and freezing · Factors affecting evaporation · Cooling effect of evaporation · Clouds, rain and the water cycle

Mixtures and handpicking · Threshing and winnowing · Sieving · Evaporation · Sedimentation and decantation · Filtration, residue and filtrate · Churning · Magnetic separation

Living and non-living things · Seed germination · Growth direction and movement in plants · Life cycle of a bean plant · Life cycle of a mosquito · Life cycle of a frog

Air, Oxygen and Wind · Water Use, Conservation and Pollution · Energy from the Sun · Forests, Biodiversity and Soil Protection · Soil, Rocks and Minerals · Fossil Fuels and Air Pollution · Natural and Human-Made Resources · Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

Star patterns · Constellations · Night sky watching · The Sun · Planets · Satellites · Asteroids and comets · Milky Way Galaxy and the Universe

A Lakh Varieties! · Getting a Feel of Large Numbers · Reading and Writing Numbers · Land of Tens · Of Crores and Crores! · Exact and Approximate Values — Nearest Neighbours · A Multiplication Shortcut · Patterns in Products

Simple Expressions · Comparing Expressions · Brackets in Expressions · Terms in Expressions · Swapping and Grouping · Removing Brackets—I · Removing Brackets—II

A Tenth Part · A Hundredth Part · Decimal Place Value · Units of Measurement · Locating and Comparing Decimals — There is Zero Dilemma! · Addition and Subtraction of Decimals · Deceptive Decimal Notation

The Notion of Letter-Numbers · Expressions Using Letter-Numbers · Finding the Value of an Expression · Omission of the Multiplication Symbol in Algebraic Expressions · Like Terms and Unlike Terms · Distributive Property · Simplification of Algebraic Expressions · Algebraic Expressions to Describe Patterns

Intersecting lines, linear pairs and vertically opposite angles · Perpendicular lines · Parallel lines · Parallel and perpendicular lines in paper folding · Transversals · Corresponding angles · Alternate angles · Interior angles on the same side of the transversal

Numbers Tell us Things · Picking Parity · Small Squares in Grids · Parity of Expressions · Some Explorations in Grids · Magic Squares · Virahāṅka–Fibonacci Numbers · Digits in Disguise

Triangle, vertices, sides and angles · Constructing a Triangle When its Sides are Given · Triangle Inequality and Visualising the Construction of Circles · Two Sides and the Included Angle · Two Angles and the Included Side · Angle Sum Property · Exterior Angles · Altitudes of Triangles and Types of Triangles

Multiplying a Fraction and a Whole Number · Multiplying Two Fractions · Cancelling Common Factors · Comparing the Product with the Numbers Multiplied · Division of Fractions: Reciprocal and Brahmagupta’s Formula · Dividend, Divisor and the Quotient · Some Problems Involving Fractions · Fractional Relations

Geometric Twins · Congruent Figures · SSS Condition · Conventions to Express Congruence · SAS Condition and the Included Angle · ASA and AAS Conditions · RHS Condition · Angles of Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

Rakesh’s Puzzle: A Number Game · Carrom Coin Integers · Multiplication of Integers · Patterns in Integer Multiplication · Applications of Integer Operations · Division of Integers · Expressions Using Integers · Multiplication of Many Integers

Highest Common Factor (HCF) · Prime Factorisation · Finding the HCF of Numbers Using Prime Factorisation · Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) · Finding the LCM Using Prime Factorisation · Patterns, Properties, and a Pretty Procedure! · Efficient Procedures for HCF and LCM · Property Involving both the HCF and the LCM

A Quick Recap of Decimals · Multiplying and dividing by 10, 100 and 1000 · Decimal Multiplication · Division using place value · Decimal Division · Does This Ever End? · Look Before You Leap!

Of Questions and Statements · Average as Fair-Share · Arithmetic Mean · Median · Outliers · Of Ends and the Essence · Clubbing the Columns · Data Detective

Perpendicular Bisector · Construction of a 90° Angle at a Given Point · Bisection of an Angle · Copying an Angle · Construction of a Line Parallel to the Given Line · Construction of a 60° Angle · Regular Hexagon · Tiling

Unknown Weights · Framing an Equation · Solution of an Equation · Performing the Same Operation on Both Sides · Removing a Term · Removing a Factor or Divisor · Unknowns on Both Sides · Equations with Brackets

Interconnected fields of science · Materials, changes and heat · Water and life processes · Measuring time with shadows · Asking scientific questions · Science as a process · Responsibility in science · Simple observations and experiments

Acidic and basic substances · Litmus and neutral substances · Red rose indicator · Turmeric · Olfactory indicators · Neutralisation · Uses of neutralisation · P.C. Ray

Electric cell · Battery · Incandescent lamp · LED · Electric circuit and switch · Circuit diagram · Conductors and insulators · Circuit testing

Lustre and hardness · Malleability and ductility · Sonority · Conduction of heat · Conduction of electricity · Metal and non-metal oxides · Rusting and its prevention · Elements and alloys

Noticing changes · Physical changes and reversibility · Chemical changes and the carbon dioxide test · Rusting · Combustion and ignition temperature · Physical and chemical changes in a candle · Weathering and erosion · Desirable, undesirable and long-term changes

Adolescence · Puberty and secondary sexual characteristics · The menstrual cycle · Hormones and emotional changes · Nutrition · Personal and menstrual hygiene · Physical activity and social behaviour · Addiction and refusing harmful substances

Conduction · Convection · Radiation · Sea and land breezes · The water cycle · Groundwater

Devices for measuring time · Simple pendulum and time period · SI unit of time · Faster and slower · Average speed · Distance from speed and time · Uniform and non-uniform linear motion

Digestion · Small intestine and large intestine · Rumination · Gizzard · Breathing · Gas exchange · Respiration · Breathing in other animals

Plant growth · Chlorophyll · Starch test · Gases in food-making · Photosynthesis · Stomata · Xylem and phloem · Respiration

Luminous and Non-Luminous Objects · Light Travels in a Straight Line · Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Materials · Shadow Formation · Reflection and the Image in a Plane Mirror · Pinhole Camera · Periscope · Kaleidoscope

Apparent motion · Rotation · Revolution · Tilt of the axis and seasons · Solar eclipse · Lunar eclipse

Square Numbers · Properties of Square Numbers · Perfect Squares and Odd Numbers · Square Roots · Square Roots Using Prime Factorisation · Estimating Square Roots · Cubes · Cube Roots

Exponential growth · Exponential notation and prime factors · Multiplying powers and powers of powers · Powers with the same exponent · How Many Combinations · The Other Side of Powers · Powers of 10 and scientific notation · Comparing powers and naming large numbers

Number Names Obtained by Counting in Twos · The Roman Numerals · Arithmetic Operations with Roman Numerals · The Egyptian Number System · The Idea of a Base · The Mesopotamian Number System · The Mayan Number System and the Chinese Number System · Zero

Quadrilateral · Rectangle · Square · Angles in a Quadrilateral · Parallelogram · Rhombus · Kite and Trapezium · Relations between Special Quadrilaterals

Sum of Consecutive Numbers; Breaking Even · Pairs to Make Fours · Always, Sometimes, or Never · What Remains? · Checking Divisibility Quickly · Divisibility by 11 · Digital Roots · Digits in Disguise

Some Properties of Multiplication; Identity 1 · Expanding Products and Collecting Like Terms · Fast Multiplications Using the Distributive Property · Identity 1A · Identity 1B · Investigating Patterns: Pattern 1 · Identity 1C · Mind the Mistake, Mend the Mistake; This Way or That Way, All Ways Lead to the Bay

Observing Similarity in Change · Ratios and Ratios in their Simplest Form · Proportional Ratios · Problem Solving with Proportional Reasoning · Finding Missing Terms in Proportional Ratios · Comparing Prices Using Proportional Reasoning · Direct and Inverse Proportion · Sharing, but Not Equally!

Per Cent, Per Decem and Per Mille · Bar Models · Ratios and Percentages · Proportions and Absolute Amounts · Successive Percentage Changes · Percentage Area · Tax Added to a Bill · Peaceful Knights

Doubling a Square · Hypotenuse of an Isosceles Right Triangle · The Baudhāyana–Pythagoras Theorem · Combining Two Different Squares · Right-Triangles Having Integer Sidelengths · Squares with Corners on a Dot Grid · Further Applications of the Baudhāyana–Pythagoras Theorem · Puzzle Time

Proportion and Representative Fraction · Ratios with More Than Two Terms · Dividing in a Given Ratio · Pie Charts · Time Taken Together · Direct and Inverse Proportion · Ring Chart · Inverse Proportion

Fractals · Visualising Solids · Making Solids · Shortest Paths on a Cube · Projections · Representation of Solids on a Plane Surface · Drawing on Isometric Grids · Impossible Figures

Arithmetic mean · Dot plots · Mean · Line graphs · Catch the (Pattern in) Rain · What can a Strip Say? · Sunrise and sunset times

Think of a Number · Number Pyramids · Fun with Grids · The Largest Product · Decoding Divisibility Tricks · Backwards doubling and removal · Successive blocks of positive odd numbers · Karim and the Genie

Rectangles and Squares · Crosspath and Tube · Area of a Square · Triangles · Triangles between Parallel Lines with a Common Base · Area of any Polygon: Rhombus · Parallelogram and Dissection · Trapezium

Investigation · Science is everywhere · What we can change, observe or measure · Changing only one thing at a time · Keeping notes · Tiny organisms · Heating and magnetic effects of electric current · Roots and kites

Lenses and microscopes · Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cell wall · Cell shapes, tissues, organs and organ systems · Microorganisms, unicellular and multicellular organisms · Fermentation and food preservation · Microalgae · Rhizobium and root nodules · Decomposition

Health and healthy habits · Surroundings and health · Communicable and non-communicable diseases · Signs and symptoms · Pathogens and routes of spread · Preventing communicable diseases · Immunity and vaccination · Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance

Magnetic effect of electric current · Electromagnet · Strength of an electromagnet · Poles of an electromagnet · Heating effect and heating elements · Amount of heat and unwanted heating · Electricity from chemical reactions · Dry cells and rechargeable batteries

Force · Muscular force · Friction · Magnetic force · Electrostatic force; contact and non-contact forces · Gravitational force · Mass, weight and spring balance · Upthrust or buoyant force

Pressure · Calculating pressure and force · Liquid pressure · Atmospheric pressure · Wind and pressure differences · Thunderstorms and lightning · Lightning safety · Cyclones

Constituent particles, atoms and molecules · Dissolving and interparticle spaces · Particle movement in liquids and gases · The solid state and interparticle attraction · The liquid state · Gases, fluids and interparticle spaces · Melting point and thermal energy · Boiling point and evaporation

Pure substances and mixtures · Uniform mixtures, non-uniform mixtures and alloys · Air and its components · Elements and atoms · Compounds · Breaking down compounds · Minerals · Matter

Mixtures, solute and solvent · Concentration, saturation and solubility · Temperature and solubility · Mass and weight · Measuring volume · Density, relative density and floating · Temperature, pressure and density · Why ice floats on water

Spherical mirrors · Images in plane, concave and convex mirrors · Normal, incidence and reflection · Laws of reflection · Converging and diverging mirrors · Convex and concave lenses · Images through lenses · Lenses in the eye

Day, month and year · Why the phases happen · The phases of the Moon · Moonrise and the Moon's position · Solar calendars and leap years · Lunar and luni-solar calendars · The Indian National Calendar · Artificial satellites

Habitat · Individual, population, community and ecosystem · Ecosystems, interactions and competition · Mutualism, commensalism and parasitism · Producers, consumers and trophic levels · Food webs and indirect effects · Decomposers and decomposition · Ecosystem benefits and sustainable farming

Planets, orbits and the habitable zone · Gravity, the magnetic field and the ozone layer · The greenhouse effect and Earth's habitability · Earth's crust and geodiversity · Atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere · Asexual reproduction and inherited instructions · Sexual reproduction and gametes · Climate change and the triple planetary crisis

The 2-D Cartesian Coordinate System · Points on the Coordinate Axes · Quadrants · x-coordinate and y-coordinate · Coordinates (x, y) · Distance Between Two Points · Distance Between Two Points in the 2-D Plane · Reflection

Terms, Coefficients and Constants · Degree of a Polynomial and Linear Polynomials · Evaluating a Polynomial · Exploring Linear Patterns · Linear Growth and Linear Decay · Visualising Linear Relationships: Slope and Y-intercept

Zero · Brahmagupta’s Laws · Rational Numbers · Equivalent Fractions and Lowest Terms · Absolute Value · The Density of Rational Numbers · Irrational Numbers · Rational Decimals: Terminating and Repeating

The square of a sum · Algebraic identity · The square of a difference · The square of three terms · The difference of two squares · Factorisation without using algebra tiles · Identities involving cubes · Simplifying rational expressions

Circle and its symmetry · Circles through two and three points · Circumcentre and circumcircle · Equal chords and angles at the centre · Perpendicular from the centre to a chord · Distance of chords from the centre · Angle subtended by an arc · Concyclic points and cyclic quadrilaterals

Perimeter · Perimeter of a Circle — The C/D Ratio · Pi · Length of an Arc of a Circle · Area of a Rectangle; Area of a Parallelogram · Area of a Triangle · Heron’s Formula and Brahmagupta’s Formula · Area of a Circle; Area of Sector of a Circle

Randomness · The Probability Scale · Experimental Probability and Relative Frequency · Theoretical Probability · Statistical Data and Sampling · Experimental and Theoretical Probability; Gambler’s Fallacy · Sample Space and Events · Tree Diagrams

Sequences and terms · Explicit Rule for a Sequence · Recursive Rule for a Sequence · Arithmetic Progressions · Arithmetic Progressions: taxi fare · Sum of the First n Natural Numbers · Geometric Progressions · Visualising a GP

Evidence, scientific ideas, and testable predictions · Scientific models and relevant details · Law, theory and principle · Precise scientific language and symbols · Units and mathematics · Estimation and checking reasonableness · Science as connected, human, and critical inquiry

Cells and microscopy · Cell theory and growth control · Cell membrane, diffusion and osmosis · Cell wall and plasmolysis · Nucleus and cell manufacturing · Prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant and animal cells · Mitochondria, plastids and vacuoles · Mitosis and meiosis

Tissue organisation · Meristematic tissue and differentiation · Protective and simple permanent tissues · Xylem and phloem · Totipotency and tissue culture · Epithelial and connective tissues · Muscular and nervous tissues · Skeleton, muscles and joints

Position, rest and motion · Distance and displacement · Average speed, average velocity and uniform motion · Acceleration · Position-time graphs · Velocity-time graphs · Kinematic equations for constant acceleration · Motion in a plane and uniform circular motion

Mixtures, solutions, solute and solvent · Concentration and percentage by mass and volume · Solubility, saturation and crystallization · Suspensions, centrifugation and coagulation · Colloids and the Tyndall effect · Separating immiscible liquids · Distillation and sublimation · Paper chromatography

Force · Balanced and unbalanced forces · Friction · Newton's first law and inertia · Momentum · Newton's second law · Impulse · Newton's third law and systems of objects

Work by a constant force · Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem · Gravitational potential energy · Conservation of mechanical energy · Power · Simple machines

Atomic models and experimental evidence · Bohr’s model and electron distribution · Protons, neutrons, and atomic mass · Neutral atoms · Atomic number and mass number · Valency · Isotopes · Isobars

Conservation of mass and Dalton’s atomic theory · Law of constant proportions · Covalent bonding · Ionic bonding · Writing chemical formulae · Electrical conductivity · Melting points · Molecular mass and formula-unit mass

Production and propagation of sound · Amplitude and loudness · Frequency, pitch and time period · Wavelength and wave speed · Speed of sound · Reflection and echoes · Reverberation and absorption · Hearing range, infrasound and ultrasound

Asexual reproduction and vegetative propagation · Sexual reproduction and meiosis · Pollination and fertilisation · Seed and fruit formation · Fertilisation and implantation · Menstruation · Contraception

Biodiversity and classification · Classification hierarchy · Binomial nomenclature · Monera and Protista · Fungi, Plantae and Animalia · Fossils · Evolution and adaptation · Biodiversity under threat

Uneven solar heating of Earth · Winds and ocean currents · Water cycle · Carbon and oxygen cycles · Nitrogen cycle · Human impacts and Earth-system feedbacks

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic · Applications of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic · HCF and LCM by the Prime Factorisation Method · HCF × LCM = Product of the Two Numbers · Applications of HCF and LCM · Revisiting Irrational Numbers: Irrationality of √2 · Proving Numbers Involving Surds Irrational

Degree of a polynomial · Value and zero of a polynomial · Geometrical meaning of the zeroes of a polynomial · Zeroes of a quadratic polynomial · Relationship between zeroes and coefficients · Finding a quadratic polynomial

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables · Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations · Consistent and Inconsistent Pairs of Linear Equations · Conditions for Infinitely Many Solutions · Substitution Method and Elimination Method · Applications of a Pair of Linear Equations

Quadratic equations in standard form · Roots of a quadratic equation · Solution of a quadratic equation by factorisation · Problems involving quadratic equations · Nature of roots · Condition for equal roots

Arithmetic Progressions · nth Term of an AP · First Term and Common Difference · Sum of First n Terms of an AP · Arithmetic Mean

Similar Figures · Corresponding Vertices and Sides · Basic Proportionality Theorem · Converse of the Basic Proportionality Theorem · Applications of the Basic Proportionality Theorem · Criteria for Similarity of Triangles · Applications of Similar Triangles

Coordinates · Distance Formula · Applications of the Distance Formula · Section Formula · Mid-point Formula

Trigonometric Ratios · Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles · Trigonometric Identities

Line of sight, angle of elevation and angle of depression · Height of an object above the observer’s eye · Height of a flagstaff · Height of a tower · Distance between two objects

Tangent to a Circle · Theorem 10.1: Tangent and Radius · Theorem 10.2: Tangents from an External Point · Length of a Tangent · Quadrilateral Circumscribing a Circle

Sector, segment and quadrant · Area of a sector · Length of an arc and perimeter of a sector · Area of a segment · Areas of combinations of plane figures

Radius, height and slant height · Surface Area of a Combination of Solids · Surface Area of a Solid with a Hemispherical Depression · Volume of a Combination of Solids · Capacity and Volume Remaining

Mean of Grouped Data · Mode of Grouped Data · Cumulative Frequency and Median Class · Median of Grouped Data · Mean, Median and Mode

Theoretical probability and complementary events · Probability of drawing a card · Drawing an object at random · Equally likely outcomes

Chemical reactions · Chemical equations and balancing · Combination and exothermic reactions · Decomposition reactions · Displacement reactions · Double displacement and precipitation · Oxidation and reduction · Corrosion and rancidity

Indicators · Acids with metals and carbonates · Neutralisation and oxides · Ions in water and dilution · pH and everyday life · Salt families and salt pH · Chemicals from common salt · Water of crystallisation and Plaster of Paris

Physical properties · Reaction with oxygen · Reactivity series · Electron transfer · Properties of ionic compounds · Ores and extraction · Electrolytic refining · Corrosion and its prevention

Covalent bonding · Tetravalency, catenation and carbon structures · Homologous series, functional groups and nomenclature · Combustion and oxidation · Addition, hydrogenation and substitution · Ethanol, ethanoic acid and esterification · Soap molecules and micelles · Soap in hard water and detergents

Photosynthesis · Digestion and absorption · Cellular respiration · Breathing and gas exchange · Double circulation, blood and lymph · Xylem and phloem transport · Nephrons and urine formation · Water balance, dialysis and plant excretion

Neurons and nerve impulses · Reflex arcs and nervous coordination · Regions of the brain · Non-directional movement · Tropisms and plant hormones · Endocrine glands and adrenaline · Thyroxine, iodine and feedback · Insulin, growth hormone and sex hormones

DNA copying and variation · Fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration and spores · Vegetative propagation · Pollination and fertilisation · Seed formation and germination · Puberty and sperm production · Fertilisation, implantation and menstruation · Contraception and reproductive health

Accumulation and inheritance of variation · Environmental selection · Mendel's monohybrid crosses and dominance · Dihybrid crosses and independent inheritance · Genes, alleles and trait expression · Chromosome pairs, gametes and fertilisation · Diverse mechanisms of sex determination · Human XX–XY inheritance and probability

Reflection and plane mirrors · Spherical mirrors and principal rays · Concave-mirror images · Convex-mirror images · Mirror formula and magnification · Refraction and refractive index · Spherical lenses and principal rays · Lens formula, magnification and power

Human eye · Accommodation · Myopia and hypermetropia · Presbyopia and bifocals · Prism refraction and dispersion · Atmospheric refraction and twinkling · Advance sunrise and delayed sunset · Scattering and the Tyndall effect

Electric current and circuit diagrams · Potential difference · Ohm's law and V–I graphs · Resistance and resistivity · Resistors in series · Resistors in parallel · Joule's law and heating materials · Electric power and energy

Magnetic field lines · Straight conductor and right-hand thumb rule · Magnetic field of a circular current loop · Solenoids and electromagnets · Force on a conductor and Fleming's left-hand rule · Electromagnetic induction and Fleming's right-hand rule · Domestic supply, parallel circuits and wire roles · Overloading, short circuits and protection

Ecosystem · Producers, consumers and decomposers · Food chains, trophic levels and food webs · Energy transfer and the ten percent law · Biological magnification · Formation and protective role of ozone · Ozone depletion and CFCs · Waste segregation, reuse and recycling

Diversity in the Living World · Identification and Nomenclature · Taxonomic Categories

Five Kingdom Classification · Kingdom Monera · Kingdom Protista · Kingdom Fungi · Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia and Alternation of Generations · Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

Plant classification · Algae · Bryophytes · Pteridophytes · Gymnosperms and Angiosperms · Alternation of generations

Bases of Classification · Porifera, Coelenterata (Cnidaria) and Ctenophora · Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes and Annelida · Arthropoda and Mollusca · Echinodermata and Hemichordata · Chordata · Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes · Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia

Morphology of Flowering Plants: The Root · The Stem and The Leaf · Phyllotaxy and Inflorescence · The Flower: Whorls, Ovary Position and Aestivation · Androecium, Gynoecium and Placentation · The Fruit · Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Seeds · Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant: Solanaceae

The Tissue Systems · The Vascular Tissue System · Dicotyledonous Root and Monocotyledonous Root · Dicotyledonous Stem and Monocotyledonous Stem · Dorsiventral Leaf and Isobilateral Leaf

Organ and organ system · Frog: Morphology · Frog: Digestive system · Frog: Respiration and blood vascular system · Frog: Excretory system · Frog: Control and coordination · Frog: Reproductive system

Cell theory · Prokaryotic cells · Eukaryotic cells: cell membrane and cell wall · Endomembrane system · Mitochondria and plastids · Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrosome · Nucleus

How to Analyse Chemical Composition? · Amino Acids, Sugars and Lipids · Primary and Secondary Metabolites; Biomacromolecules · Proteins and Structure of Proteins · Polysaccharides · Nucleic Acids · Enzymes: Chemical Reactions and Mechanism of Enzyme Action · Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity; Classification and Cofactors

Cell Cycle: Interphase, M Phase and G0 · S Phase: DNA Replication · Mitosis: Prophase to Telophase · Cytokinesis and Significance of Mitosis · Prophase I: Synapsis and Crossing Over · Meiosis I and Meiosis II · Significance of Meiosis: Comparison with Mitosis

Early Experiments · Where does Photosynthesis take place? · Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Harvesting Complexes · Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation · Chemiosmotic Hypothesis · The Calvin Cycle · The C₄ Pathway and Photorespiration · Factors affecting Photosynthesis

Do Plants Breathe? · Glycolysis · Fermentation · Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle · Electron Transport System and Oxidative Phosphorylation · The Respiratory Balance Sheet · Amphibolic Pathway · Respiratory Quotient

Growth · Phases of Growth · Growth Rates: Arithmetic and Geometric Growth · Absolute and Relative Growth Rates · Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation · Development and Plasticity · Plant Growth Regulators: Characteristics and Discovery · Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators: Apical Dominance

Respiratory organs · Human respiratory system · Mechanism of breathing · Respiratory volumes and capacities · Exchange of gases · Transport of oxygen · Transport of carbon dioxide · Regulation of respiration and disorders of the respiratory system

Blood · Blood Groups · Coagulation of Blood and Lymph · Circulatory Pathways · Human Circulatory System · Cardiac Cycle and Electrocardiograph · Double Circulation · Regulation of Cardiac Activity and Disorders of Circulatory System

Ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism · Human excretory system · Urine formation · Function of the tubules · Mechanism of concentration of the filtrate · Regulation of kidney function · Micturition and role of other organs in excretion · Disorders of the excretory system

Movement and locomotion · Skeletal muscle and sarcomere · Contractile proteins · Sliding filament theory · Axial skeleton · Appendicular skeleton · Joints · Disorders of muscular and skeletal systems

Neural System · Human Neural System · Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System · Resting Potential · Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse · Transmission of Impulses · Forebrain · Midbrain and Hindbrain

Human Endocrine System · The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland · Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland and Thymus · Adrenal Gland · Pancreas · Testis and Ovary · Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract · Mechanism of Hormone Action

Nature of Matter · Properties of Matter and Their Measurement; Uncertainty in Measurement · Laws of Chemical Combinations and Dalton’s Atomic Theory · Atomic and Molecular Masses · Mole Concept and Molar Masses · Percentage Composition; Empirical and Molecular Formula · Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations; Limiting Reagent · Reactions in Solutions

Sub-atomic Particles, Atomic Number, Isotopes and Ions · Thomson Model and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom · Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation, Planck’s Quantum Theory and Photoelectric Effect · Line Spectrum of Hydrogen and Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom · Dual Behaviour of Matter and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle · Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom, Quantum Numbers and Shapes of Atomic Orbitals · Energies of Orbitals · Filling of Orbitals and Electronic Configurations of Atoms

Genesis of Periodic Classification and Modern Periodic Law · Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements · s-, p-, d-, f-Block Elements and Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements · Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius · Ionization Enthalpy · Electron Gain Enthalpy and Electronegativity · Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States · Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

Kössel–Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding · Ionic or Electrovalent Bond · Bond Parameters and Resonance Structures · Polarity of Bonds · Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory · Valence Bond Theory and Hybridisation · Molecular Orbital Theory · Hydrogen Bonding

The system and the surroundings · Internal energy, work and the first law of thermodynamics · Enthalpy and calorimetry · Thermochemical equations and standard enthalpy of formation · Hess’s law of constant heat summation · Spontaneity, entropy, and the second and third laws · Gibbs energy and spontaneity · Gibbs energy and equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium · Equilibrium constant and heterogeneous equilibria · Applications of equilibrium constants · Le Chatelier’s principle · Acids, bases and ionization of water · Ionization of weak acids and bases · Hydrolysis of salts and buffer solutions · Solubility product

Oxidation and reduction · Oxidation number and Stock notation · Types of redox reactions: disproportionation · Oxidation number method · Half-reaction method · Redox reactions as the basis for titrations · Redox reactions and electrode processes · Standard electrode potential

Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds; Structural Representations · Nomenclature of Organic Compounds; Isomerism · Fission of a Covalent Bond; Nucleophiles and Electrophiles · Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds · Types of Organic Reactions · Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds · Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds · Quantitative Analysis

Classification, nomenclature and isomerism · Preparation of alkanes · Chemical properties of alkanes · Conformations and geometrical isomerism · Electrophilic addition and Markovnikov’s rule · Alkynes · Benzene: resonance and electrophilic substitution · Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene

Sets and their representations · The empty set; finite and infinite sets · Equal sets and subsets · Intervals as subsets of the real numbers · Universal set, Venn diagrams, union and intersection · Difference of sets · Complement of a set and De Morgan’s laws · Equality of sets

Ordered pairs and Cartesian product of sets · Number of elements in a Cartesian product and ordered triples · Cartesian product and set operations · Relations; domain, codomain and range · Functions · Evaluation, domain and range of a real function · Some functions and their graphs · Algebra of real functions

Angles and radian measure · Relation between degree and radian · Trigonometric functions and quadrantal angles · Trigonometric ratios, identities and standard values · Sign, domain and range of trigonometric functions · Trigonometric functions of sum and difference of two angles · Trigonometric functions of multiples and submultiples of angles · Transformation of sums into products

Complex numbers · Addition and subtraction of complex numbers · Multiplication of two complex numbers · Multiplicative inverse and division of complex numbers · Power of i; square roots of a negative real number; identities · The modulus and the conjugate of a complex number · Properties of modulus and conjugate · Argand plane

Inequalities; strict and slack inequalities · Numerical, literal, double and linear inequalities · Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable · Rule 2; solutions in different number sets · Graphical representation and interval notation · Applications of linear inequalities · Double inequalities · System of inequalities

Fundamental Principle of Counting · Permutations when all the objects are distinct; Factorial notation · Permutations when all the objects are not distinct · Permutations · Combinations

Pascal's triangle and binomial coefficients · Binomial theorem for positive integral indices · Expansion of (1+x)ⁿ and (1−x)ⁿ · Applications of the binomial theorem · Evaluation using the binomial theorem · Comparison using the binomial theorem · Divisibility using the binomial theorem · Approximation using the binomial theorem

Sequences · General term and recurrence relation · Series and sigma notation · Geometric progression and its general term · Applications of the general term of a G.P. · Sum of the first n terms of a G.P. · Three terms of a G.P. and geometric mean · Relationship between A.M. and G.M.

Distance formula, section formula, mid-point formula and area of a triangle · Inclination and slope of a line · Conditions for parallelism and perpendicularity; angle between two lines · Equations of horizontal and vertical lines · Point-slope form and two-point form · Slope-intercept form, intercept form and general equation of a line · Distance of a point from a line; distance between parallel lines · Point of intersection, concurrency, foot of perpendicular and image of a point

Sections of a cone · Circle · Parabola · Ellipse · Standard equations of an ellipse · Hyperbola · Standard equations of a hyperbola · Applications of conic sections

Coordinate axes and coordinate planes · Octants · Coordinates of a point in space · Distance between two points · Applications of the distance formula: collinearity · Applications of the distance formula: parallelogram · Equation of a set of points · Centroid of a triangle

Intuitive Idea of Derivatives · Limits · Algebra of Limits · Limits of Polynomials and Rational Functions · Limits of Trigonometric Functions · Derivatives · Algebra of Derivatives · Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Measures of dispersion and range · Mean deviation for ungrouped data · Mean deviation for grouped data · Limitations of mean deviation · Variance and standard deviation · Standard deviation of a frequency distribution · Step-deviation method · Correcting observations using mean and variance

Event and types of events · Algebra of events · Mutually exclusive and exhaustive events · Axiomatic approach to probability · Probabilities of equally likely outcomes · Probability using permutations and combinations · Probability of the event A or B · Probability of the event not A

Measurement and SI units · Indirect measurement and instrument precision · Significant figures and rounding · Significant-figure arithmetic and relative uncertainty · Dimensional formulae and dimensionless angles · Dimensional homogeneity · Converting powered and compound units · Deriving power laws and estimating scales

Point-object approximation · Displacement, distance and average velocity · Position-time graphs and instantaneous velocity · Acceleration · Graph areas and equations of motion · Vertical motion under gravity · Stopping distance and free-fall scaling · Relative velocity

Scalars and vectors · Vector addition and displacement · Resolution and unit vectors · Instantaneous velocity and component motion · Relative velocity · Projectile motion · Projectile height and range · Uniform circular motion

Inertia · Newton’s second law · Impulse · Newton’s third law and conservation of momentum · Tension and equilibrium · Normal force and spring force · Static friction on an inclined plane · Centripetal force and banked roads

Work · Kinetic energy and the work–energy theorem · Work by a variable force · Potential energy, spring energy and turning points · Mechanical energy and vertical circular motion · Power and efficiency · Collisions · Mass leaving a moving system

Translation, rotation and rolling · Centre of mass and its motion · Vector product and angular velocity · Torque and angular momentum · Equilibrium and centre of gravity · Moment of inertia · Rotational kinematics and dynamics · Conservation of angular momentum

Kepler’s laws · Universal gravitation and measurement of G · Superposition and the shell theorem · Variation of acceleration due to gravity · Gravitational potential, potential energy and work · Escape speed and conservation of energy · Circular orbital speed and binding energy · Weightlessness and tidal effects

Elasticity and Hooke’s law · Stress, strain and Poisson’s ratio · Young’s modulus and elastic extension · Stress–strain graphs · Shear modulus · Bulk modulus and compressibility · Elastic potential energy · Load limits and beam shape

Pressure and Pascal’s law · Hydrostatic pressure and gauge pressure · Continuity and Bernoulli’s principle · Efflux and dynamic lift · Viscosity and laminar pipe flow · Stokes’ law and terminal speed · Surface tension and excess pressure · Contact angle and capillarity

Temperature and thermometric scales · Thermal expansion and thermal stress · Density and anomalous expansion of water · Heat capacity and calorimetry · Latent heat and phase equilibrium · Conduction, convection and radiation · Wien's law and Stefan–Boltzmann law · Newton's law of cooling

Thermal equilibrium and zeroth law · Internal energy and first law · Heat capacities at constant volume and pressure · State variables and isothermal changes · Adiabatic changes and free expansion · Cyclic processes and signed work · Second law, engines and refrigerators · Reversibility and Carnot cycle

Molecular nature of matter · Ideal-gas equation and partial pressures · Behaviour of real gases · Kinetic theory of gas pressure · Temperature and rms speed · Law of equipartition of energy · Specific heat capacities · Mean free path

Period, frequency and amplitude · Phase and circular projections · Velocity and acceleration in SHM · Restoring force · Energy in SHM · Spring oscillations · Simple pendulum · Oscillations in liquids

Mechanical disturbances and wave types · Progressive wave equations and phase · Wave speed on a string · Sound speed and Laplace correction · Superposition · Reflection and standing waves · String and air-column normal modes · Beats

Flower — A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms · Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain · The Megasporangium, Megasporogenesis and Embryo Sac · Pollination — Types, Agents and Outbreeding Devices · Pollen–Pistil Interaction and Artificial Hybridisation · Double Fertilisation · Post-fertilisation: Endosperm, Embryo, Seed and Fruit · Apomixis and Polyembryony

Male reproductive system · Female reproductive system · Spermatogenesis · Oogenesis and menstrual cycle · Fertilisation and implantation · Pregnancy and embryonic development · Parturition · Lactation

Reproductive Health—Problems and Strategies · Population Explosion and Birth Control · Natural Methods · Barrier Methods, IUDs and Oral Contraceptives · Surgical Methods · Medical Termination of Pregnancy · Sexually Transmitted Infections · Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Mendel’s experiments, dominance and segregation · Incomplete dominance, co-dominance and multiple alleles · Dihybrid cross and law of independent assortment · Chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination · Polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy · Sex determination · Mutation, pedigree analysis and Mendelian disorders · Chromosomal disorders

The DNA: polynucleotide chains and packaging · The search for genetic material and RNA world · Replication · Transcription · Genetic code and translation · Regulation of gene expression: the lac operon · Human Genome Project · DNA fingerprinting

Origin of Life · Evidences for Evolution · Industrial Melanism · Adaptive Radiation and Darwinian Natural Selection · Mechanism of Evolution · Hardy–Weinberg Principle · A Brief Account of Evolution · Origin and Evolution of Man

Health and common diseases in humans · Malaria · Innate immunity · Acquired immunity, active and passive immunity · Allergies and auto immunity · AIDS · Cancer · Drugs and alcohol abuse

Microbes in Household Products · Microbes in Industrial Products · Antibiotics · Microbes in Sewage Treatment and Production of Biogas · Microbes as Biocontrol Agents · Biofertilisers · Mycorrhiza

Principles of biotechnology · Restriction enzymes and separation and isolation of DNA fragments · Cloning vectors and competent host · Isolation of the genetic material and cutting of DNA at specific locations · Amplification of gene of interest using PCR · Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell · Bioreactors · Downstream processing

Biotechnology in Agriculture: Bt cotton · RNA interference · Biotechnological Applications in Medicine: Genetically Engineered Insulin · Gene Therapy · Molecular Diagnosis · Transgenic Animals · Ethical Issues: Biosafety · Biopatents and Biopiracy

Organism and Its Environment; Responses to Abiotic Factors · Adaptations · Population Attributes · Population Growth · Life History Variation · Predation and Competition · Parasitism · Commensalism and Mutualism

Ecosystem—Structure and Function · Primary Productivity · Decomposition · Food Chains and Food Webs · Energy Flow and Ecological Pyramids · Ecological Succession · Nutrient Cycling—Carbon and Phosphorus · Ecosystem Services

Genetic diversity, species diversity and ecological diversity · Patterns of Biodiversity · Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem · Loss of Biodiversity · Causes of Biodiversity Losses: The Evil Quartet · In situ Conservation · Ex situ Conservation · Biodiversity Conservation: Global Cooperation

Types of solutions and expressing concentration · Solubility and Henry's law · Raoult's law · Ideal and non-ideal solutions · Colligative properties and relative lowering of vapour pressure · Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point · Osmosis and osmotic pressure · Abnormal molar masses and van't Hoff factor

Electrochemical Cells · Standard Electrode Potential · Nernst Equation · Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions · Kohlrausch’s Law · Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis · Batteries and Fuel Cells · Corrosion

Rate of a Chemical Reaction · Rate Law, Order and Molecularity · Integrated Rate Equations and Half-Life · Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction · Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

Position in the Periodic Table and Electronic Configurations · General Properties of the Transition Elements · Potassium Dichromate · Potassium Permanganate · The Lanthanoids — Lanthanoid Contraction · The Actinoids

Werner’s theory and coordination terminology · Nomenclature of coordination compounds · Isomerism in coordination compounds · Valence bond theory and magnetic properties · Crystal field theory · Bonding in metal carbonyls; stability and applications

Classification, Naming and the Carbon–Halogen Bond · Methods of Preparation · Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions · Elimination Reactions and Reaction with Metals · Reactions of Haloarenes · Polyhalogen Compounds

Classification, Nomenclature and Structures of Functional Groups · Preparation of Alcohols · Preparation and Chemical Reactions of Phenols · Chemical Reactions of Alcohols: Oxidation · Some Commercially Important Alcohols · Ethers: Preparation and Chemical Reactions

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group · Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones · Nucleophilic Addition Reactions · Oxidation and Reduction · Aldol Condensation and Cannizzaro Reaction · Carboxylic Acids

Structure, classification and nomenclature of amines · Preparation of amines: ammonolysis of alkyl halides · Chemical reactions of amines: acylation · Diazonium salts: preparation and replacement reactions · Coupling reactions

Carbohydrates · Proteins · Enzymes · Vitamins · Nucleic Acids · Hormones

Relations · Reflexive, symmetric and transitive relations · Equivalence relations and equivalence classes · Number of relations · One-one functions · Onto functions · Bijective functions · Composition of functions and invertible function

Principal value branches and graphs of inverse trigonometric functions · Principal values of inverse trigonometric functions · Domain of an inverse trigonometric function · Range of an inverse trigonometric function · Properties of inverse trigonometric functions · Evaluating expressions involving inverse trigonometric functions · Writing inverse trigonometric functions in the simplest form · Solving equations involving inverse trigonometric functions

Matrix and its order · Types of Matrices and Equality of matrices · Addition of matrices and Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar · Multiplication of matrices · Properties of multiplication of matrices · Transpose of a matrix · Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices · Invertible Matrices

Determinants of order 2 · Determinants of order 3 · Properties of determinants · Area of a triangle · Minors and cofactors · Adjoint and inverse of a matrix · Properties of inverse matrices · Solution of a system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix

Continuity · Algebra of continuous functions · Differentiability · Chain rule · Derivatives of implicit functions · Exponential and logarithmic functions · Logarithmic differentiation · Derivatives of functions in parametric forms; second order derivatives

Rate of Change of Quantities · Increasing and Decreasing Functions · Maxima and Minima · Local Maxima and Minima; First Derivative Test · Second Derivative Test · Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval · Simple Problems on Maxima and Minima

Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation · Integration by Substitution · Integration Using Trigonometric Identities · Integrals of Some Particular Functions · Integration by Partial Fractions · Integration by Parts · Definite Integral · Some Properties of Definite Integrals

Area under Simple Curves · Area using horizontal strips · Area of a region below the x-axis · Symmetry · Area of a circle · Area of an ellipse · Area between Two Curves · Area under a modulus function

Order and degree of a differential equation · General and particular solutions of a differential equation · Differential equations with variables separable · Applications of differential equations · Homogeneous functions and homogeneous differential equations · Solving homogeneous differential equations · Linear differential equations and integrating factor · Solving linear differential equations

Scalars and vectors; types of vectors · Addition of vectors and multiplication of a vector by a scalar · Components, magnitude and unit vector · Section formula · Scalar product of two vectors · Projection of a vector on a line · Vector product of two vectors · Area using vector product

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line · Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given vector · Equation of a line passing through two given points · Angle between two lines · Intersecting, parallel and skew lines · Shortest distance between two lines · Foot of the perpendicular and perpendicular distance · Image of a point in a line

Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation · Feasible Region · Corner Point Method · Corner Point Method for an Unbounded Feasible Region · Multiple Optimal Solutions

Conditional probability · Multiplication theorem on probability · Independent events · Partition of a sample space · Theorem of total probability · Bayes' theorem · Random variables

Basic properties of electric charge · Coulomb’s law and superposition · Electric field and field lines · Electric flux · Electric dipole moment and field · Dipole in a uniform electric field · Continuous charge distribution and Gauss’s law · Applications of Gauss’s law

Electrostatic potential · Superposition of potential · Equipotential surfaces · Potential energy of charges · Conductors and dielectrics · Capacitance · Capacitor connections · Energy stored in a capacitor

Electric current · Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity · Drift speed, current density and mobility · Temperature dependence of resistance · Electrical power and energy · Emf, internal resistance and combinations of cells · Resistor networks and Kirchhoff's rules · Wheatstone bridge balance

Magnetic force · Circular and helical motion · Biot–Savart law and superposition · Ampere’s law · Solenoid · Force between parallel currents · Magnetic moment and torque · Moving-coil galvanometer and meter conversion

Magnetic poles and Gauss’s law · Axial and equatorial dipole fields · Torque and magnetic potential energy · Magnetisation and magnetic intensity · Susceptibility and permeability · Diamagnetism · Paramagnetism and thermal disorder · Ferromagnetic domains and remanence

Magnetic flux · Faraday’s law · Lenz’s law · Motional emf · Mutual inductance · Self-induction · Magnetic energy · AC generator

Sinusoidal current and rms values · Ideal inductor · Ideal capacitor · Series LCR impedance and phasors · Series resonance and natural angular frequency · Average power, wattless current and power factor · Ideal transformer · Transmission losses

Displacement current · Sources of electromagnetic waves · Transverse electromagnetic waves · Wave speed, frequency and amplitude · Energy, intensity and momentum · Electromagnetic spectrum, infrared and ultraviolet · Radio waves and microwaves · X-rays and gamma rays

Reflection and spherical mirrors · Refractive index and apparent depth · Critical angle and total internal reflection · Curved surfaces and thin lenses · Lens power and successive images · Prism deviation and dispersion · Simple magnifier and compound microscope · Telescopes and aperture

Wavefronts and Huygens’ principle · Wave refraction · Coherence · Path difference and interference intensity · Young’s fringes · Changing Young’s pattern · Single-slit diffraction · Polarisation and Malus law

Work function · Photoelectric effect · Photocurrent and saturation · Einstein’s photoelectric equation · Photoelectric graphs · Photons · de Broglie wavelength · Matter waves and electron diffraction

Nuclear model · Alpha-particle scattering · Stationary states · Quantised angular momentum and Bohr orbits · Atomic energies and photon transitions · Hydrogen spectra and selective absorption · de Broglie standing-wave condition · Limits of the Bohr model

Nuclear composition and atomic masses · Nuclear radius and density · Mass defect, binding energy and Q · Nuclear force and binding energy per nucleon · Nuclear decay · Fission and fusion · Coulomb barrier · Nuclear events and total energy

Energy bands · Electrons and holes · Doping · The p–n junction · Forward and reverse bias · Diode circuit models · Half-wave and full-wave rectification · Capacitor filtering